Adam Black: The query of which nation’s legal guidelines govern the cut up can have important penalties
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Households as we speak are more and more cell, typically pushed by a work-from-anywhere mindset. However when a pair that has ties to a couple of nation decides to separate, the query of which nation’s legal guidelines govern the cut up can have important penalties.
For a partner in Ontario, the jurisdictional controversy arising from separation is especially acute when a divorce is granted outdoors of Canada. Merely put, the granting of a international divorce will extinguish the flexibility of a separated partner in Ontario to acquire spousal help below the legal guidelines of Canada and Ontario.
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This problem was not too long ago earlier than the Courtroom of Attraction for Ontario in two unrelated instances, selections for which have been launched in February.
Within the first case, the couple was married in 2012 in Russia, the place they resided on the time. The couple and their youngster moved to Ontario in March 2018 and have resided right here ever since. Simply days after shifting out of the household house in November 2019, the husband utilized for a divorce in Russia.
Although the spouse objected that the divorce must be decided in Ontario, arguing that she wouldn’t be eligible to obtain spousal help from her husband below the legal guidelines of Russia, the Russian courtroom granted the divorce in January 2020.
In July of that yr, the spouse commenced courtroom proceedings in Ontario in search of spousal help. All through the Ontario courtroom continuing, it was understood that if the Russian divorce order was acknowledged in Canada, the spouse can be unable to pursue spousal help in Ontario.
The spouse argued the husband sought and obtained the Russian divorce for the precise objective of avoiding his obligation to pay spousal help. In different phrases, the husband engaged in forum-shopping, the observe of selecting a courtroom location that can lead to a extra beneficial end result.
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At trial, Justice Jana Steele of the Ontario Superior Courtroom of Justice agreed with the spouse and located the Russian divorce shouldn’t be acknowledged in Ontario. The decide famous that “the Russian divorce, which was obtained lower than two months after separation, provides (the husband) a back-door with which to flee his authorized tasks, and runs counter to the 4 spousal help targets set out in s. 15.2(6) of the Divorce Act.”
The husband appealed. In a ruling launched Feb. 28, Justice Jonathon George of the Courtroom of Attraction for Ontario additionally agreed with the spouse and dismissed the husband’s enchantment. In accordance with the decide, whereas “forum-shopping is not going to all the time violate our rules of morality, ‘unfair forum-shopping techniques’ most actually will.”
In reaching his conclusion, Justice George pointed to the sturdy emphasis positioned on the values of partnership and equality in Canadian household legislation. It’s these values which underpin a partner’s entitlement to spousal help in Ontario.
In the end, the Russian divorce order was not acknowledged in Ontario and the spouse was in a position to pursue spousal help.
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The second case earlier than the Courtroom of Attraction reached the alternative end result.
In that case, the couple was married in 1998 in Bangladesh, the place they resided with their three youngsters for a lot of the marriage. In 2015, the husband and youngsters obtained landed immigrant standing and moved to Canada the next yr. The spouse remained in Bangladesh.
Though the husband had sponsored the spouse for Canadian everlasting resident standing, he later gave her written discover of his intention to divorce her pursuant to the legal guidelines of Bangladesh. The spouse moved to Canada in February 2017, one month earlier than the Bangladeshi divorce turned efficient.
Three years later, the spouse commenced courtroom proceedings in Ontario whereby she sought a divorce and different aid, together with that the husband pay spousal help.
The central problem within the Ontario courtroom proceedings, once more, was the popularity of the international divorce. Whereas the spouse stated the Bangladeshi divorce shouldn’t be acknowledged in Ontario, the truth that she had remarried in reliance on the Bangladeshi divorce weighed in favour of recognizing the international divorce in Ontario. Within the consequence, the Bangladeshi divorce was acknowledged in Ontario.
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Writing for the Courtroom of Attraction for Ontario, Justice Julie Thorburn famous that the spousal help provisions in Ontario’s Household Regulation Act don’t “embody the phrase ‘former partner’ when describing who could apply for help.” The decide continues: “Ontario instances have due to this fact interpreted the Household Regulation Act as not allowing a former partner, equivalent to (the spouse), to hunt spousal help.”
Justice Thorburn famous that “until and till the wording within the Household Regulation Act is modified to outline ‘partner’ to explicitly embody a former partner, or this line of instances is revisited, a celebration equivalent to (the spouse), to a international divorce, can’t search spousal help below the Household Regulation Act.”
The decide concluded her evaluation by acknowledging that the laws, in its present kind, “might lead to important hardship” for individuals who could also be entitled to spousal help in Ontario however for a divorce having been granted outdoors of Canada. Justice Thorburn identified that laws in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island ensures a declare for spousal help will survive a international divorce.
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For Justice Thorburn, the treatment is easy: “Addition of the phrases ‘or former partner’ to s. 30 of the Household Regulation Act to make sure that spouses who divorce in international jurisdictions can deliver functions for help in Ontario is a matter that, for my part, might be addressed by the Ontario legislature.”
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For Ontario {couples} with connections to outdoors international locations, the instances are a reminder to fastidiously perceive their rights, entitlements and obligations, each earlier than deciding to relocate and when separating or in search of a divorce.
Adam N. Black is a accomplice within the household legislation group at Torkin Manes LLP in Toronto.
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